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Intersex people are born with any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomesgonadssex hormonesor genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights"do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies".

Intersex people were previously referred to as hermaphrodites"congenital eunuchs", [5] [6] or even congenitally "frigid". Intersex people face stigmatization and discrimination from birth or discovery of an intersex trait.

In some countries, documented in parts of Africa and Asia, this may include infanticide, abandonment and the stigmatization of families. However, this is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of good outcomes.

Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment. Some intersex persons may be assigned and raised as a girl or boy but then identify with another gender later in life, while most continue to identify with their assigned sex.

According to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights:. Intersex people are born with sex characteristics including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. Intersex is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of natural bodily variations.

In some cases, intersex traits are visible at birth while in others, they are not apparent until puberty.

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Some chromosomal intersex variations may not be physically apparent at all. In biological terms, sex may be determined by a number of factors present at birth, including: People whose characteristics are not either all typically male or all typically female at birth are intersex.

Some intersex traits are not always visible at birth; some babies may be born with ambiguous genitals, while others may have ambiguous internal organs testes and ovaries. Others will not become aware that they are intersex unless they receive genetic testing, because it does not manifest in their phenotype. Whether or not they were socially tolerated or accepted by any particular culture, the existence of intersex people was known to many ancient and pre-modern cultures.

The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote of "hermaphroditus" in the first century BCE that Hermaphroditus "is born with a physical body which is a combination of that of a man and that of a woman", and with supernatural properties. In European societies, Roman lawpost-classical canon lawand later common lawreferred to a person's sex as male, female or hermaphrodite, with legal rights as male or female depending on the characteristics that appeared most dominant.

In some non-European societies, sex or gender systems with more than two categories may have allowed for other forms of inclusion of both intersex and transgender people. Such societies have been characterized as "primitive", while Morgan Holmes states that subsequent analysis has been simplistic or romanticized, failing to take account of the ways that subjects of all categories are treated. During the Victorian eramedical authors introduced the terms "true hermaphrodite" for an individual who has both ovarian and testicular tissue, "male pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with testicular tissue, but either female or ambiguous sexual anatomy, and "female pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with ovarian tissue, but either male or ambiguous sexual anatomy.

Some later shifts in terminology have reflected advances in genetics, while other shifts are suggested to be due to pejorative associations. The term intersexuality was coined by Richard Goldschmidt in Since the rise of modern medical science, some intersex people with ambiguous external genitalia have had their genitalia surgically modified to resemble either female or male genitals.

Surgeons pinpointed intersex babies as a "social emergency" when born. Dialog between what were once antagonistic groups of activists and clinicians has led to only slight changes in medical policies and how intersex patients and their families are treated in some locations. Human rights institutions are placing increasing scrutiny on harmful practices and issues of discrimination against intersex people. These issues have been addressed by a rapidly increasing number of international institutions including, inthe Council of Europe, the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization.

These developments have been accompanied by International Intersex Forums and increased cooperation amongst civil society organizations. However, the implementation, codification and enforcement of intersex human rights in national legal systems remains slow.

Areas of concern include: Stigmatization and discrimination from birth may include infanticide, abandonment and the stigmatization of families. Mothers in east Africa may be accused of witchcraft, and the birth of an intersex child may be described as a curse. Infants, children and adolescents also experience "normalising" interventions on intersex persons that are medically unnecessary and the unnecessary pathologisation of variations in sex characteristics.

Medical interventions to modify the sex characteristics of intersex people, without the consent of the intersex person have taken place in all countries where the human rights of intersex people have been studied. Such interventions have been criticized by the World Health Organization, other UN bodies such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and an increasing number of regional and national institutions due to their adverse consequences, including trauma, impact on sexual function and sensation, and violation of rights to physical and mental integrity.

Inclusion in equal treatment and hate crime law. Because people born with intersex bodies are seen as different, intersex infants, children, adolescents and adults "are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations", including discrimination in education, healthcare, employment, sport, and public services.

Facilitating access to justice and reparations. Access to informationmedical records, peer and other counselling and support. With the rise of modern medical science in Western societies, a secrecy-based model was also adopted, in the belief that this was necessary to ensure "normal" physical and psychosocial development. The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that legal recognition is firstly "about intersex people who have been issued a male or a female birth certificate being able to enjoy the same legal rights as other men and women.

A Kenyan court case in established the right of an intersex boy, "Baby A", to a birth certificate. Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a certain sex male or female but then identify with another later in life, while most do not. Research in the late 20th century led to a growing medical consensus that diverse intersex bodies are normal, but relatively rare, forms of human biology. Foremost, we advocate use of the terms "typical", "usual", or "most frequent" where it is more common to use the term "normal.

Emphasize that all of these conditions are biologically understandable while they are statistically uncommon. Some people with intersex traits self-identify as intersex, and some do not. Some intersex organizations reference "intersex people" and "intersex variations or traits" [90] while others use more medicalized language such as "people with intersex conditions", [91] or people "with intersex conditions or DSDs differences of sex development " and "children born with variations of sex anatomy".

A hermaphrodite is an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs. Until the midth century, "hermaphrodite" was used synonymously with "intersex".

Currently, hermaphroditism is not to be confused with intersex, as the former refers only to a specific phenotypical presentation of sex organs and the latter to more complex combination of phenotypical and genotypical presentation. Using "hermaphrodite" to refer to intersex individuals is considered to be stigmatizing and misleading. Members of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology adopted this term in their "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders".

Alternatives to categorizing intersex conditions as "disorders" have been suggested, including "variations of sex development". Intersex can be contrasted with homosexuality or same-sex attraction. Intersex can therefore be contrasted with transgender[] which describes the condition in which one's gender identity does not match one's assigned sex.

The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex, [] but intersex people are often added to LGBT to create an LGBTI community. Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.

An intersex character is the narrator in Jeffrey Eugenides ' Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Middlesex. Television works about intersex and films about intersex are scarce. Intersex peer support and advocacy organizations have existed since at leastwith the establishment of the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia in Intersex Awareness Day is an internationally observed civil awareness day designed to highlight the challenges faced by intersex people, occurring annually on 26 October.

It marks the first public demonstration by intersex people, which took place in Boston on October 26,outside a venue where the American Academy of Pediatrics was holding its annual conference. Intersex Day of Remembrancealso known as Intersex Solidarity Day, is an internationally observed civil awareness day designed to highlight issues faced by intersex people, occurring annually on 8 November.

It marks the birthday of Herculine Barbina French intersex person whose memoirs were later published by Michel Foucault in Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. The intersex flag was created by Organisation Intersex International Australia in July to create a flag "that is not derivative, but is yet firmly grounded in meaning".

The organization aimed to create a symbol without gendered pink and blue colors. It describes yellow and purple as " hermaphrodite " colors. The organization describes it as freely available "for use by any intersex person or organization who wishes to use it, in a human rights affirming community context". In HinduismSangam literature uses the word pedi to refer to people born with an intersex condition; it also refers to antharlinga hijras and various other hijras.

In Islamscholars of Islamic jurisprudence have detailed discussions on the status and rights of intersex based on what mainly exhibits in their external sexual organs.

Yet, modern Islamic jurisprudence scholars turn to medical screening to determine the dominance of their sex. The intersex rights includes rights of inheritance, rights to marriage, rights to live like any other male or female. The rights are generally based on whether they are true hermaphrodites, or pseudo hermaphrodite. Scholars of Islamic jurisprudence generally consider their rights based on the majority of what appears from their external sexual organs.

In Judaismthe Talmud contains extensive discussion concerning the status of two intersex types in Jewish law; namely the androginuswhich exhibits both male and female external sexual organs, and the tumtum which exhibits neither. In the s and s, the treatment of intersex babies started to be discussed in Orthodox Jewish medical halacha by prominent rabbinic leaders, for example Eliezer Waldenberg and Moshe Feinstein.

Multiple athletes have been humiliated, excluded from competition or been forced to return medals following discovery of an intersex trait. The South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya won gold at the World Championships in the women's meter and won silver in the Summer Olympics.

When Semenya won gold in the World Championships, the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF requested sex verification tests. The results were not released, but Semenya was cleared to race with other women. They recommend that athletes be able to compete in accordance with their legal gender. Mt5 forex trading portal Aprilthe BMJ reported that four elite women athletes with 5-ARD were subjected to sterilization and "partial clitoridectomies" in order to compete in sport.

The authors noted that "partial clitoridectomy" was "not medically indicated, does not relate to real or perceived athletic "advantage". There are few firm estimates of the number of intersex people. While human rights institutions have called for the demedicalisation of intersex traits, as far as possible, [21] [51] [] [] medical definitions are often still used.

The now-defunct Intersex Society of North America stated that:. If you ask experts at medical centers how often a child is forex brokers with hedging allowed so noticeably atypical in terms of genitalia that a specialist in sex differentiation is called in, the number comes out to about 1 in to 1 in births.

According to Blackless, Fausto-Sterling et al. According to Leonard Sax, intersex should forex prekyba lietuvoje "restricted to those conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female", around 0.

This definition excludes Klinefelter buying a call option on a futures contracts and many other variations. However, many conditions excluded from Sax's analysis are currently regarded as disorders of sex development.

Individuals with those diagnoses may experience stigma and discrimination due to their sex characteristics, including sex "normalizing" interventions, and so those diagnoses and life experiences meet definitions of intersex in use by UN and white knight chronicles 2 money farming bodies.

As a result, the statistical analyses by Blackless and Fausto-Sterling have become widely quoted, [51] [] including by other clinicians. Population figures can vary due to genetic causes. In the Dominican Republic5-alpha-reductase deficiency is not uncommon in the town of Las Salinas resulting in social acceptance of the intersex trait.

The overall incidence for the town was 1 in every 90 males were carriers, with other males either non-carriers or non-affected carriers.

Because there is variation in all of the processes of the development of the sex organsa child can be born with a sexual anatomy that is typically female or feminine in appearance with a larger-than-average clitoris clitoral hypertrophy or typically male or masculine in appearance with a smaller-than-average penis that is open along the underside.

The appearance may be quite how to put yes no checkbox in excel 2010, describable as female genitals with a very large clitoris and partially fused labia, or as male genitals with a very small penis, completely open along the midline " hypospadic "and empty scrotum.

The Orchidometer is a medical instrument to measure the volume of the testicles. It was developed by Swiss pediatric endocrinologist Andrea Prader. The Prader scale [] and Quigley scale are visual rating systems that measure genital appearance. The Phall-O-Meter is a satirical scale, developed by Kiira Triea based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler [] and later described by Anne Fausto-Sterling in Sexing the Body.

It combines assessments of acceptable phallus measurements for boys and girls. For a girl, a medically acceptable clitoris can be no bigger than one centimeter. For a boy, an acceptable metropolitan forex bureau size must be between 2. Surgical interventions may occur if the range between one and 2.

In order to help in classification, methods other than is the stock market always closed on good friday genitalia inspection can be performed. For instance, a karyotype display of a tissue sample may determine which of the causes of intersex is prevalent in the case.

The common pathway of sexual differentiationwhere a productive human female has an XX chromosome pair, and a productive male has an XY pair, is relevant to the development of intersex conditions.

During fertilization, the sperm adds either an X female or a Y male chromosome to the X in the ovum. This determines the genetic sex of knowledge to action ultimate forex programme password embryo.

The gonads, in a "bipotential state", may develop into either testes the male gonads or ovaries the female gonadsdepending on the consequent events. At around eight weeks of gestation, the gonads of an XY embryo differentiate into functional testes, secreting testosterone.

Ovarian differentiation, for XX embryos, does not occur until approximately Week 12 of gestation. Next, androgens cause the development of the Wolffian duct systemwhich develops into the vas deferensseminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. There are a variety of opinions on what conditions or traits are and are not intersex, dependent on the definition of intersex that is used.

Current human rights based definitions stress a broad diversity pinocchio strategy in binary options trading sex stock price market capitalization that differ from expectations stock trading computer for sale male or female bodies.

In XX-females, this can range from partial masculinization that produces a large clitoris, to virilization and male appearance. The latter applies in particular to Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to hydroxylase deficiencywhich is the most common form of CAH. Cases with typically female appearance and genitalia are said to have stock on nasdaq market llc androgen insensitivity syndrome CAIS.

People with CAIS have a vagina and no uteruscervixor ovariesand are infertile. The vagina may be shorter than usual, and, in some cases, blackberry aftermarket stock price nearly absent.

Instead of female internal reproductive organs, a person with CAIS has undescended or partially descended testes, of which the person may not even be aware.

In mild and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome MAIS and PAISthe body is partially receptive to androgens, so there is virilization to varying degrees. PAIS can result in genital ambiguity, due to limited metabolization of the androgens produced by the testes. Ambiguous genitalia may present as a large clitoris, known as clitoromegalyor a small penis, which is called micropenis or microphallus; hypospadias and cryptorchidism may also be present, with one or hsbc hk buy us stock testes undescended, and hypospadias appearing just below the glans on an otherwise typical male penis, or at the base of the shaft, or at the perineum and including a bifid or cleft scrotum.

In alternative fashion, it is simply a mixture between XX and XY, and does not have to involve any less-common genotypes in individual cells.

This, too, can occur both as chimerism and as a result of one sex chromosome having mutated into the other. Mosaicism and chimerism may involve chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes, and not result in intersex traits. Medical interventions take place to address physical health concerns, and psychosocial risks. Both types of rationale are the subject of debate, particularly as the consequences of surgical and many hormonal interventions are lifelong and irreversible.

Questions regarding physical health include accurately assessing risk levels, necessity and timing. Psychosocial rationales are particularly susceptible to questions of necessity as they reflect social and cultural forexgrail. There remains no clinical consensus about an evidence base, surgical timing, necessity, type of surgical intervention, and degree of difference warranting intervention.

In the cases where gonads may pose a cancer how much money congressman make, as in some cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome[] concern has been expressed that treatment rationales and decision-making regarding cancer risk may encapsulate decisions around a desire for surgical normalization.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Intersex topics Human rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics legal attribute Yogyakarta Principles.

Disorders of sex development Hermaphrodite Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum. Argentina Australia Chile China Colombia France Germany India Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Uganda United Kingdom United States.

Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences.

Intersex in historyTimeline of intersex historyand History of intersex surgery. Intersex rights by country. Legal prohibition of non-consensual medical interventions. Regulatory suspension of non-consensual medical interventions. Intersex human rights and Intersex medical interventions. Explicit protection on grounds of sex characteristics. Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status.

Explicit protection forex introducing broker mvib grounds of intersex within attribute binary option books pdf system 96 sex. Discrimination against intersex people.

Legal recognition of intersex people. Disorders of sex development. Literature about intersex and Intersex characters in fiction. Intersex civil society organizations. Intersex Awareness Day and Intersex Day of Remembrance.

Intersex people and religion. Sex verification in sports. Disorders of Sex Development. History of intersex surgery. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 28 March Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to where can i buy coloured stockings. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. A Scientific and Clinical Rationale. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.

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Retrieved 27 July New York University Press. Retrieved 22 October Variations of Sex Development Instead of Disorders of Sex Development. BBC World Service, Kenya. Retrieved 21 May The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality". Promoting and Protecting Human Rights choose broker forex relation to Binary option books pdf system 96 Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics.

Retrieved 27 December Stories and Statistics from Australia " ". Organisation Intersex International Australia. Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. An Introduction to Marriage and the Family. Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved 18 November Library of History Book IV. Loeb Classical Library Volumes and C H Oldfather trans.

Bayerische StaatsBibliothek Bavarian State Library. A History of Women and Ordination. Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Mauro CabralMorgan Carpenter eds. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Archives of Disease in Childhood. The Hastings Center Report. Held captive, beaten, hacked.

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. Retrieved 22 March The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children".

Retrieved 15 November Retrieved 2 December A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Retrieved 3 July This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform". Malta Adopts Ground-breaking Trans and Intersex Law — TGEU Press Release. Hermaphrodite wins damage claim over removal of reproductive organs". Retrieved 20 July Retrieved 15 February Michaela "Micha" Raab Wins Damages and Compensation for Intersex Genital Mutilations!

Retrieved 21 December Sexual health, human rights and the law. Retrieved 6 October Third Gender in Germany" Spiegel, Huff Post, Guardian, Silly Season Fantasies vs. Germans no longer have to classify their kids as male or femaleRT3 November Stories and Statistics from Australia PDF.

Archived from the original PDF on 14 September Ea free forex robot 2 February New York, NY [u.

European Journal of Pediatrics. Retrieved 6 September Guidelines for dealing with individuals with ambiguous genitalia". Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. Retrieved 8 April Journal of Pediatric Urology. Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth. Retrieved 30 May Noted Mayo Clinic researchers J. Bostwick, MD, and Kari A Martin MD in A Man's Forex pemula ebook in an Ambiguous Body: A Case of Mistaken Gender wrote of the distinctions in male pseudohermaphrodite condition.

Intersex Society of North America". Retrieved 5 July Why is ISNA using "DSD"? Retrieved 4 June From "Intersex" to "Disorders of Sex Development". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 16 June Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not "Straight" Forward". The American Journal of Bioethics.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement? A Message from Mauro Cabral". GATE - Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 12 February Retrieved 5 April Submission to NSW Government" PDF. Retrieved 16 May Talmudic rabbis were into analyzing sexuality - j. Gazeta Wyborcza in Polish. Retrieved 31 May A Critical Examination of Gender Verification and the Caster Semenya Controversy".

Journal of Sex Research. A Critique of the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes". Retrieved 28 September Retrieved 21 August American Journal of Human Biology. Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.

Retrieved 4 July An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Nonclassic forms of CAH are more prevalent, occurring in approximately 0. National Library of Medicine.

Retrieved 23 September Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am Textbook of Sexual Medicine 1st ed. Little, Brown and Company. Retrieved 9 December What if It's Sort of a Boy and Sort of a Girl?

The New York Times Magazine. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H. Perceptions, Approach and Care".

Hormone Research in Paediatrics. If whywhen, and how? Wolter Oosterhuis, Leendert H. Retrieved 18 June What evidence is there that you can grow up psychologically healthy with intersex genitals without "normalizing" surgeries? Retrieved 25 November Feder, Anne Tamar-Mattisat Hastings Center Bioethics Blog, retrieved 18 May Retrieved 11 September ".

Critical Reflections on Gender Dysphoria". Archives of Sexual Behavior. Retrieved 19 July Intersex and Identity, the Contested Self. Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics legal attribute Yogyakarta Principles. Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences in humans.

Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex-determination system XY ZW XO Temperature-dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex.

Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Human reproduction. Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity.

Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex. Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education. Men's Women's Vulvovaginal Research Self-report sexual risk behaviors. Abortion Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy. Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine.

Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic. China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control.

Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation. One-child policy Two-child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness.

Female congenital anomalies of the genitaliaincluding Intersex and DSD: Vaginal septum Vaginal hypoplasia. Clitoromegaly Imperforate hymen Progestin-induced virilisation Pseudohermaphroditism. Male congenital anomalies of the genitaliaincluding Intersex and DSD: Cryptorchidism Polyorchidism Monorchism Anorchia Sertoli cell-only syndrome. True hermaphroditism Mixed gonadal dysgenesis Swyer syndrome.

Congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hypospadias Epispadias Chordee Micropenis Penile agenesis Diphallia. Outline of human sexuality. Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal. Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection.

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Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Late onset adrenal hyperplasia. Hypospadias urethral opening in perineum or along penile shaft. Epispadias urethral opening between corona and tip of glans penis. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH. The most common cause of sexual ambiguity is congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAHan endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands produce abnormally high levels of virilizing hormones in utero.

The genes that cause CAH can now be detected in the developing embryo. As Fausto-Sterling mentioned in chapter 3 of Sexing the Body"a woman who suspects she may be pregnant with a CAH baby if she or someone in her family carries CAH can undergo treatment and then get tested. Although many do not favor this process because "the safety of this experimental therapy has not been established in rigorously controlled trials", it does allow physicians to detect abnormalities, therefore starting treatment right after birth.

Starting treatment as soon as an XX-CAH baby is born not only minimizes, but also may even eliminate the chances of genital surgery from being performed. In this case, the excess androgen hormones are caused by use of progestina drug that was used in the s and s to prevent miscarriage. These individuals normally have internal and external female anatomy, with functional ovaries and will therefore have menstruation.

They develop, however, some male secondary sex characteristics and they frequently have unusually large clitorises. In very advanced cases, such children have initially been identified as males. This condition occurs commonly in all species of cattle and affects most females born as a twin to a male. It is rare or unknown in other mammals, including humans. In cattle, the placentae of fraternal twins usually fuse at some time during the pregnancy, and the twins then share their blood supply.

If the twins are of different sexes, male hormones produced in the body of the fetal bull find their way into the body of the fetal heifer femaleand masculinize her. Her sexual organs do not develop fully, and her ovaries may even contain testicular tissue.

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When adult, such a freemartin is very like a normal female in external appearance, but she is infertile, and behaves more like a castrated male a steer. The male twin is not significantly affected, although if he remains entire his testes may be slightly reduced in size.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome AIS. People with AIS have a Y chromosome, typically XYbut are unable to metabolize androgens in varying degrees. The condition affects individuals with a Y chromosomemaking their bodies unable to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone DHT. DHT is necessary for the development of male genitalia in utero, and plays no role in female development, so its absence tends to result in ambiguous genitalia at birth; the effects can range from infertility with male genitalia to male underdevelopment with hypospadias to female genitalia with mild clitoromegaly.

The frequency is unknown, and children are sometimes misdiagnosed as having AIS. Such individuals are usually raised as girls. The lack of DHT also limits the development of facial hair. In individuals with a Y chromosome typically XY who have Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiencyCAH inhibits virilization, unlike cases without a Y chromosome.

The child has XY chromosomes typical of a male. Individuals with XY chromosomes whose gonads were lost after 14 weeks of fetal development. People with Anorchia have no ability to produce the hormones responsible for developing male secondary sex characteristics nor the means to produce gametes necessary for reproduction due to the lack of gonads.

They may develop typically feminine secondary sex characteristics without or despite the administration of androgens to artificially initiate physical sex differentiation typically planned around the age of puberty. Psychological and neurological gender identity may solidify before the administration of androgens, leading to gender dysphoriaas anorchic individuals are typically assigned male at birth. It has various causes and are not all genetic; a catch-all category.

It refers to individuals mostly XY whose gonads don't develop properly. Clinical features are heterogeneous. It is caused by various causes,including alterations in testosterone metabolism. The urethra does not run to the tip of the penis. In mild forms, the opening is just shy of the tip; in moderate forms, it is along the shaft; and in severe forms, it may open at the base of the penis.

In addition to the most common XX and XY chromosomal sexes, there are several other possible combinations, for example Turner syndrome XOTriple X syndrome XXXKlinefelter syndrome XXY and variants XXYYXXXYXXXXYXYY syndromede la Chapelle syndrome XX maleSwyer syndrome XY female. A mix can occur, where some of the cells of the body have the common XX or XY, while some have one of the less usual chromosomal contents above.

Such a mixture is caused by either mosaicism or chimerism. In mosaicism, the mixture is caused by a mutation in one of the cells of the embryo after fertilization, whereas chimerism is a fusion of two embryos. True hermaphroditism and ovotestis. A " true hermaphrodite " is defined as someone with both testicular and ovarian tissue.

Though naturally occurring true hermaphroditism in humans is unknown, there is, on the other hand, a spectrum of forms of ovotestes. The varieties include having two ovotestes or one ovary and one ovotestis, often in the form of streak gonads. Phenotype is not determinable from the ovotestes; in some cases, the appearance is "fairly typically female"; in others, it is "fairly typically male", and it may also be "fairly in-between in terms of genital development. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intersex.

Testicle Cryptorchidism Polyorchidism Monorchism Anorchia Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Penis Hypospadias Epispadias Chordee Micropenis Penile agenesis Diphallia.