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Employing nonviolent civil disobedienceGandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. In India, he is also called Bapu Gujarati: He is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujaratwestern Indiaand trained in law at the Inner TempleLondon, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.

After his return to India inhe set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress inGandhi led nationwide campaigns for various social causes and for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.

Gandhi supported World War I effort with resources and Indian combat troops fighting in Europe on the British side. He is most remembered as a champion of nonviolence and truth, applying them as powerful political means.

He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and political protest. Gandhi's vision was religious pluralism and a united democratic independent India. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace.

In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January when he was Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayantia national holidayand worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi [14] was born on 2 October [1] to a Hindu Modh Baniya family [15] in Porbandar also known as Sudamapuria coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire.

His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi —served as the diwan chief minister of Porbandar state. Although he only had an elementary education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration, Karamchand proved a capable chief minister. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless.

InKaramchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai —who also came from Junagadh, [18] and was from a Pranami Vaishnava family. On 2 OctoberPutlibai gave birth to her last child, Mohandas, in a dark, windowless ground-floor room of the Gandhi family residence in Porbandar city.

As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears.

In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. The family's religious background was eclectic. Gandhi's father Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her. InGandhi's father Karamchand left Porbandar for the smaller state of Rajkot, where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of security.

His family then rejoined him in Rajkot. At age 9, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkotnear his home. There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. While at high school, Gandhi's elder brother introduced him to a Muslim friend named Sheikh Mehtab. Mehtab was older in age, taller and encouraged the strictly vegetarian boy to eat meat to gain height.

He also took Mohandas to a brothel one day, though Mohandas "was struck blind and dumb in this den of vice," rebuffed the prostitutes' advances and was promptly sent out of the brothel. The experience caused Mohandas mental anguish, he abandoned the company of Mehtab. In Maythe year-old Mohandas was married to year-old Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba" in an arranged marriage, according to the custom of the region at that time.

Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives. In lateGandhi's father Karamchand died. The two deaths anguished Gandhi. Harilalborn in ; Manilalborn in ; Ramdasborn in ; and Devdasborn in In Novemberthe year-old Gandhi graduated high school from Ahmedabad.

But he dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar. Gandhi came from a poor family, and he had dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew. Gandhi wanted to go. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from meat, alcohol and women. Laxmidas, Gandhi's brother who was already a lawyer cheered Gandhi's London studies plan and offered to support him.

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Putlibai gave Gandhi the permission and blessing. On 10 AugustGandhi aged 18, left Porbandar for Bombay Mumbai. Upon arrival, he stayed with the local Modh Bania community while waiting for the ship travel arrangements. The head of the community knew Gandhi's father. After learning Gandhi's plans, he and other elders warned Gandhi that England would tempt him to compromise his religion, eat and drink in Western ways.

Gandhi informed them of his promise to his mother and her blessings. The local chief disregarded it, excommunicated him an outcast. On 4 September, Gandhi sailed off Bombay to London. His brother saw him off. In London, Gandhi studied law and jurisprudence and enrolled at the Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister. His childhood shyness and self withdrawal had continued through his teens, and he remained so when he arrived in London, but he joined public speaking practice group and overcame this handicap to practice law.

His time in London was influenced by the vow he had made to his mother. Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons. However, he could not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Henry Salt's writing, he joined the Vegetarian Societywas elected to its executive committee, [52] and started a local Bayswater chapter. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original.

Gandhi, at age 22, was called to the bar in June and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him.

He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but he was forced to stop when he ran foul of a British officer. Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa.

His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage, states Herman, in this case inviting a Hindu to South Africa. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. He accepted it, knowing that it would be at least one year commitment in the Colony of NatalSouth Africa, also a part of the British Empire.

In AprilGandhi aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin. Immediately upon arriving in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination because of his skin colour and heritage, like all people of colour. Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.

When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, states Herman, he thought of himself as "a Briton first, and an Indian second". He found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices. The Abdullah case that had brought him to South Africa wrapped up in Mayand the Indian community organised a farewell party for Gandhi as he prepared to return to India. He planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to votea right then proposed to be an exclusive European right.

He asked Joseph Chamberlainthe British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill. He helped found the Natal Indian Congress in[21] [60] and through this organisation, he moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. In Januarywhen Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him [66] and he escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. However, he refused to press charges against any member of the mob.

During the Boer WarGandhi volunteered in to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the Natal Indian Ambulance Corps. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove the imperial British stereotype that Hindus were not fit for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, unlike the Muslim "martial races".

They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. They were auxiliaries at the Battle of Colenso to a White volunteer ambulance corps; then at Spion Kop Gandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances.

Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the Queen's South Africa Medal. Inthe Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha devotion to the truthor nonviolent protest, for the first time. Gandhi's ideas of protests, persuasion skills and public relations had emerged. He took these back to India in Gandhi focused his attention on Indians while in South Africa.

He was not interested in politics. This changed after he was discriminated and bullied, such as by being thrown out of a train coach because of his skin colour by a white train official.

After several such incidents with Whites in South AfricaGandhi's thinking and focus changed, he felt he must resist this and fight for rights. He entered politics by forming Natal Indian Congress. Gandhi suffered persecution from the beginning in South Africa. Like with other coloured people, white officials denied him his rights, the press and those in the streets bullied and called him a parasite, semi-barbarious, canker, squalid coolie, yellow man, and other epithets.

People would spit on him as an expression of racial hate. While in South Africa, Gandhi focused on racial persecution of Indians, ignored those of Africans. In some cases, state Desai and Vahed, his behaviour was one of being a willing part of racial stereotyping and African exploitation. Scholars cite it as an example evidence that Gandhi at that time felt about Indians and South African Kaffir differently. Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism, according to the Nobel Peace Prize winner Nelson Mandela.

The general image of Gandhi, state Desai and Vahed, has been reinvented since his assassination as if he was always a saint, when in reality his life was more complex, contained inconvenient truths and was one that evolved over time. Inwhen the British declared war against the Zulu Kingdom in Natal, Gandhi at age 36, sympathised with the Zulus, and encouraged the Indian volunteers to help as an ambulance unit.

White soldiers stopped Gandhi and team from treating the injured Zulu, and some African stretcher-bearers with Gandhi were shot dead by the British. The medical team commanded by Gandhi operated for less than two months. InGandhi established an idealistic community called 'Tolstoy Farm' near Johannesburg, where he nurtured his policy of peaceful resistance.

In the years after black South Africans gained the right to vote in South AfricaGandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments. At the request of Gokhaleconveyed to him by C. AndrewsGandhi returned to India in He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. He joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system.

Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look wholly Indian. Gandhi, took leadership of the Congress in and began escalating demands until on 26 January the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India.

The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late s. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September without consultation.

Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders.

Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved. In Aprilduring the latter part of World War Ithe Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. In a June leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.

Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of ' Ahimsa ' nonviolence and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since.

Gandhi's first major achievements came in with the Champaran and Kheda agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who were backed by the local administration. The peasantry was forced to grow Indigo, a cash crop whose demand had been declining over two decades, and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price.

Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.

InKheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Gandhi moved his headquarters to Nadiad[90] organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being Vallabhbhai Patel. A social boycott of mamlatdars and talatdars revenue officials within the district accompanied the agitation.

Gandhi worked hard to win public support for the agitation across the country. For five months, the administration refused but finally in end-Maythe Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. In Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners.

InGandhi then aged 49, after the World War I was over, sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against British imperialism by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the World War. Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of — Gandhi had already supported the British crown with resources and by recruiting Indian soldiers to fight the war in Europe on the British side.

This effort of Gandhi was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with swaraj self-government to Indians after the end of World War I. The British colonial officials made their counter move by passing the Rowlatt Actto block Gandhi's movement.

The Act allowed the British government to treat civil disobedience participants as criminals and gave it the legal basis to arrest anyone for "preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without judicial review or any need for a trial". Gandhi felt that Hindu-Muslim co-operation was necessary for political progress against the British. He leveraged the Khilafat movementwherein Sunni Muslims in India, their leaders such as the sultans of princely states in India and Ali brothers championed the Turkish Caliph as a solidarity symbol of Sunni Islamic community ummah.

They saw the Caliph as their means to support Islam and the Islamic law after the defeat of Ottoman Empire in World War I. It initially led to a strong Muslim support for Gandhi. However, the Hindu leaders including Rabindranath Tagore questioned Gandhi's leadership because they were largely against recognising or supporting the Sunni Islamic Caliph in Turkey.

The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. It offered evidence of inter-communal harmony in joint Rowlatt satyagraha demonstration rallies, raising Gandhi's stature as the political leader to the British.

Jinnah began creating his independent support, and later went on to lead the demand for West and East Pakistan. By the end of the Khilafat movement had collapsed. Deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh alone.

With his book Hind Swaraj Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation. If Indians refused to co-operate, British rule would collapse and swaraj would come. In FebruaryGandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the Rowlatt Acthe will appeal Indians to start civil disobedience.

The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. On 30 MarchBritish law officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people, peacefully gathered, participating in satyagraha in Delhi.

On 6 Aprila Hindu festival day, he asked a crowd to remember not to injure or kill British people, but express their frustration with peace, to boycott British goods and burn any British clothing they own. He emphasised the use of non-violence to the British and towards each other, even if the other side uses violence.

Communities across India announced plans to gather in greater numbers to protest. Government warned him to not enter Delhi. Gandhi defied the order. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. On 13 Aprilpeople including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and a British officer named Reginald Dyer surrounded them and ordered his troops to fire on them.

The resulting Jallianwala Bagh massacre or Amritsar massacre of hundreds of Sikh and Hindu civilians enraged the subcontinent, but was cheered by some Britons and parts of the British media as an appropriate response. Gandhi in Ahmedabad, on the day after the massacre in Amritsar, did not criticise the British and instead criticised his fellow countrymen for not exclusively using love to deal with the hate of the British government.

The massacre and Gandhi's non-violent response to it moved many, but also made some Sikhs and Hindus upset that Dyer was getting away with murder. Investigation committees were formed by the British, which Gandhi asked Indians to boycott.

With Congress now behind him, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey, [98] Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the British Raj. Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the swadeshi policy —the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods.

Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi homespun cloth be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement. Gandhi thus began his journey aimed at crippling the British India government economically, politically and administratively. The appeal of "Non-cooperation" grew, its social popularity drew participation from all strata of Indian society.

Gandhi was arrested on 10 Marchtried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patelopposing this move.

Muslim leaders left the Congress and began forming Muslim organisations. The political base behind Gandhi had broken into factions. Gandhi was released in February for an appendicitis operation, having served only two years. After his early release from prison for political crimes inover the second half of the s, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-co-operation with complete independence for the country as its goal.

The British did not respond favourably to Gandhi's proposal. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and Winston Churchill announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi", in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathised with Indian demands. Gandhi led Congress celebrated 26 January as India's Independence Day in Lahore. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new Satyagraha against the tax on salt in March Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea.

According to Sarma, Gandhi recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products, which gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life.

After Gandhi's arrest, the women marched and picketed shops on their own, accepting violence and verbal abuse from British authorities for the cause in a manner Gandhi inspired.

According to Atlury Murali, Indian Congress in the s appealed to Andhra Pradesh peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a messiaha reincarnation of ancient and medieval Indian nationalist leaders and saints. The plays built support among peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture, according to Murali, and this effort made Gandhi a folk hero in Telugu speaking villages, a sacred messiah-like figure.

According to Dennis Dalton, it was the ideas that were responsible for his wide following. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality".

These ideas are evidenced in his pamphlets from the s, in South Africa, where too he was popular among the Indian indentured workers. After he returned to India, people flocked to him because he reflected their values. Gandhi also campaigned hard going from one rural corner of the Indian subcontinent to another. He used terminology and phrases such as Rama -rajya from RamayanaPrahlada as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of swaraj and satyagraha.

The government, represented by Lord Irwindecided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi—Irwin Pact was signed in March The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement.

According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power.

Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdontook a hard line against India as an independent nation, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. In Britain, Winston Churchilla prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans.

Churchill often ridiculed Gandhi, saying in a widely reported speech:. Churchill bitterness against Gandhi grew in the s. He called Gandhi as the one who was "seditious in aim" whose evil genius and multiform menace was attacking the British empire. Churchill called him a dictator, a "Hindu Mussolini ", fomenting a race war, trying to replace the Raj with Brahmin cronies, playing on the ignorance of Indian masses, all for selfish gain.

It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. The developments heightened Churchill's anxiety that the "British themselves would give up out of pacifism and misplaced conscience". During the discussions between Gandhi and the British government over —32 at the Round Table ConferencesGandhi, now aged about 62, sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians.

The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that established separate electorates based on religious and social divisions. The British questioned Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India. Ambedkar as the representative leader of the untouchables. After Gandhi returned from Second Round Table conference, he started a new satyagraha.

He was arrested and imprisoned at the Yerwada JailPune. While he was in prison, the British government enacted a new law that granted untouchables a separate electorate. It came to be known as the Communal Award. In Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. He did not disagree with the party's position but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard.

Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. Gandhi returned to active politics again inwith the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal.

Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president inand who had previously expressed a lack of faith in nonviolence as a means of protest. Pattabhi Sitaramayya ; but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.

Gandhi opposed providing any help to the British war effort and he campaigned against any Indian participation in the World War II. His campaign was a failure. Gandhi opposition to the Indian participation in the World War II was motivated by his belief that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom was denied to India itself.

As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a speech in Mumbai. InGandhi now nearing age 73, urged his people to completely stop co-operating with the imperial government. In this effort, he urged that they neither kill nor injure British people, but be willing to suffer and die if violence is initiated by the British officials. Gandhi's arrest lasted two years, as he was held how many episodes did the three stooges make the Aga Khan Palace in Pune.

During this choose broker forex, his long time secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack, his wife Kasturba died after 18 months' imprisonment on 22 February ; and Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. Gelder then composed and released an interview summary, cabled it to the mainstream press, that announced sudden concessions Billiards make money was willing to make, comments that shocked his countrymen, the Congress workers and even Gandhi.

The latter two claimed that it distorted what Gandhi actually said on a range of topics and falsely repudiated the Quit India movement. Gandhi was released before kim eng securities forex end of the war on 6 May because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation.

He came out of detention to an altered political scene—the Muslim League for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the centre of the political stage" [] and the topic of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point.

Gandhi and Jinnah had extensive correspondence inwhere Gandhi insisted on a united religiously plural India which included Muslims and non-Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Jinnah rejected this proposal and insisted instead for partitioning the subcontinent on religious lines to create a separate Muslim India later Pakistan. While the leaders of Congress languished in jail, the other parties supported the war and gained organizational strength.

Underground publications flailed at the ruthless suppression of Congress, but it had little control over events. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and aroundpolitical prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership. Gandhi how to buy call options td ameritrade partition of the Indian subcontinent along religious lines.

However, the Muslim League demanded "Divide and Quit India". Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal and called for Direct Action Dayon 16 Augustto press Muslims to publicly gather in cities and support his proposal for partition of Indian subcontinent into a Muslim state and non-Muslim state.

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Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal — now Bangladesh and West Bengalgave Calcutta's police special holiday to celebrate the Direct Great depression stock market suicides Day. Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were murdered, and tens of thousands were injured in the cycle of violence in the days that followed.

Archibald Wavellthe Viceroy and Governor-General of British India for three years through Februaryhad worked with Gandhi and Jinnah to find a common ground, before and after accepting Indian independence in principle.

Wavell condemned Gandhi's character and motives as well as his ideas. Wavell accused Gandhi of harbouring the single minded idea to "overthrow British rule and influence and to establish a Hindu raj", and called Gandhi a "malignant, malevolent, exceedingly shrewd" politician. The British reluctantly agreed astrology and stock market forecasting grant independence to the people of the Indian subcontinent, but accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land into Pakistan and India.

Can a donut shop make money was involved in the final negotiations.

Stanley Wolpert states the "plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi". The partition was controversial and violently disputed. Gandhi spent the day of independence not celebrating the end of the British rule, but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta on 15 August The partition had gripped the Indian subcontinent with religious violence and the streets were filled with corpses.

Some writers credit Gandhi's fasting and protests stopped the religious riots and communal violence. Archibald Wavell, for example, upon learning of Gandhi's assassination, commented, "I always thought he [Gandhi] had more of malevolence than benevolence in him, but tera online money making guide am I to judge, and how can an Englishman estimate a Hindu?

According to some accounts, Gandhi died free stock market strategy books in gujarati the spot. There he died about 30 minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation by radio: Friends and comrades, the light has chris moneymaker strategy out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it.

Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country. Gandhi's assassin Godse made no attempt to escape and was seized by the witnesses.

In the weeks that followed, his collaborators were arrested as well. At his trial, Godse did not deny the charges nor express any remorse. According to Claude Markovits, a French historian noted for his studies of colonial India, Godse stated that he killed Gandhi because of his complacence towards Muslims, holding Gandhi responsible for the frenzy of violence and sufferings during the subcontinent's partition into Pakistan and India.

Godse accused Gandhi of subjectivism and of acting as if only he had a monopoly of the truth. Godse was found guilty and executed in Gandhi's death was mourned nationwide. Over two million people joined the five-mile long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla house, ratings and review binary options magnet he was assassinated.

Gandhi's body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of his body. The engine of the vehicle was not used; instead four drag-ropes manned by 50 people each pulled the vehicle.

Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. Nehru became his political heir. According to Markovits, while Gandhi was alive, Pakistan's declaration that it was a "Muslim state" had led Indian groups to demand that it be declared a "Hindu state".

He linked Gandhi's assassination to politics of hatred and ill-will. According to Guha, Nehru and his Congress colleagues called on Indians to honour Gandhi's memory and even more his ideals. Gandhi's death helped martial support for the new government and legitimise the Congress Party's control, leveraged by the massive outpouring of Hindu expressions of grief for a man who had inspired them for decades.

The government suppressed the RSSthe Muslim National Guards, and the Khaksarswith somearrests. For years after the assassination, states Markovits, "Gandhi's shadow loomed large over the political life of the new Indian Republic". The government quelled any opposition to its economic and social policies, despite they being contrary to Gandhi's ideas, trading strategies in derivative market reconstructing Gandhi's image and ideals.

Gandhi was cremated per the Hindu tradition. Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. InTushar Raytheon employee stock options immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad.

On 30 Januarythe contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty. Another urn is at the palace of the Aga Khan in Pune where Gandhi was held as a political prisoner from to and another in the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles.

The Birla House site where Gandhi was assassinated is now a memorial called Gandhi Smriti. These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed. Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present him as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.

Gandhi grew up in a Hindu and Jain religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of Hindu Bhakti saints, Advaita Vedanta, Buddhism, Christianity and thinkers such as Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau.

Gandhi was influenced forex economics fundamentals his devout Vaishnava Hindu mother, the regional Hindu temples and saint tradition which co-existed with Jain tradition in Gujarat. Cribb states that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperancechastityand vegetarianism.

Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he has grown up with. When he returned to India inhis outlook was parochial and he could not cibc binary options a living as a lawyer.

This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. By moving in to South Africa he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy. According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were William Salter's Ethical Religion ; Henry David Thoreau 's On the Duty where can i buy coloured stockings Civil Disobedience ; and Leo Tolstoy 's The Kingdom of Balustrade systems australia Is Within You Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa.

According to Indira Carr and others, Gandhi was influenced by Vaishnavism, Jainism and Advaita Vedanta. Additional theories of possible influences on Gandhi have been proposed. For example, inN. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the Swaminarayan tradition of Hinduism. According to Raymond Williams, Toothi may have overlooked the influence of the Jain community, and adds close parallels do exist in programs of social reform in the Swaminarayan tradition and those of Gandhi, based on "nonviolence, truth-telling, cleanliness, temperance and upliftment of the masses.

Along with the book mentioned above, in Leo Tolstoy wrote A Letter to a Hinduwhich said that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule.

InGandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish A Letter to a Hindu in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi. However, they differed sharply on political strategy.

Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to binary options broker rating demo. Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandraa poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. In Modern ReviewJuneMahatma Gandhi wrote about their first encounter in at Dr.

Mehta's residence in Bombay. Gandhi exchanged letters with Rajchandra when he was in South Africa, referring to him as Kavi literally, "poet". InGandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him. Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge… in moments of spiritual crisis".

He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply. During his stay in South Africa, along with scriptures and philosophical texts of Hinduism and other Indian religions, Gandhi read translated texts of Christianity such as the Bible, and Islam such as the Quran.

Gandhi joined them in their prayers and debated Christian theology with them, but refused conversion stating he did not accept the theology therein or that Christ was the only son of God. His comparative studies of religions and interaction with scholars, led him to respect all religions as well as become concerned about imperfections in all of them and frequent misinterpretations.

Gandhi participated in South African war against the Boers, on the British side in He stated that "when the war was declared, my money maker racing relocation kit sympathies were all with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to participation with the British in that war".

According to Gandhi, he felt that since he was demanding his rights as a British citizen, it was also his duty to serve the British forces in the defence of the British Empire. During World War I —nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from aboutto forex-ebook-starter 1.

In parallel, Gandhi's fellowmen became sceptical of his pacifist ideas and were inspired by the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism. 10 minutes binary options trend analysis strategy a essay, after the World War I, Gandhi wrote, "where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.

Further, it would also show the British that his fellow Indians were "their subjects by choice rather than out of cowardice. After World War II engulfed Britain, Gandhi actively campaigned to oppose any help to the British war effort and any Indian participation in the war. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi believed that his campaign would strike a blow to imperialism. The Hindu leader, Tej Bahadur Sapru declared instates Herman, "A good many Congress leaders are fed up with the barren program of the Mahatma".

They fought and died as a part of the allied forces in Europe, North Africa and various fronts of the World War II. Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or Satyaand called his movement as satyagrahawhich means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth".

It was the satyagraha formulation and step, states Dennis Dalton, that deeply resonated with beliefs and culture of his people, embedded him into the popular consciousness, transforming him quickly into Mahatma. Gandhi based Satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realization, ahimsa nonviolencevegetarianism, and universal love.

William Borman states that the key to his satyagraha is rooted in the Hindu Upanishadic texts. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas.

Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement to "Truth is God". Thus, satya truth asx online trading course Gandhi's philosophy is "God".

The essence of Satyagraha is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate". It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power.

Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society.

Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of how do i make a lot of money in ac3 opponent consistently with truth and justice.

While Gandhi's idea of satyagraha as a political means attracted active trader pro review widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal.

For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the satyagraha idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland.

Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white architectural trading binary options free bonus there [British India] are exposed". Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale.

Gandhi was criticised for refusing to protest the hanging of Bhagat SinghSukhdevUdham Singh and Rajguru. Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Sharia law stock market Germanyand later when the Holocaust was revealed.

He told the British people in"I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity.

You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them.

In a post-war interview inhe said, "Hitler killed five million Jews. It is the greatest crime of our time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher's knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions.

According to Kumaraswamy, Gandhi initially supported Arab demands with respect to Palestine. He justified this support by invoking Islam, stating that "non-Muslims cannot acquire sovereign jurisdiction" in Jazirat al-Arab Arabian Peninsula. In post-Khilafat period, Gandhi neither negated Jewish demands nor did he use Islamic texts or history to support Muslim claims against Israel. Gandhi's silence after the Khilafat period may represent an evolution in his understanding of the conflicting religious claims over Palestine, according to Kumaraswamy.

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In Marchhe philip morris stock price target to the Member of British Parliament Sidney Silverman"if the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim", a position very different from his earlier stance.

Gandhi discussed the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine through his lens of Satyagraha. Gandhi thought the Zionists in Palestine represented European imperialism and used violence to achieve their goals; he argued that "the Jews should disclaim any intention of realizing their aspiration under the protection of arms and should rely wholly on the goodwill of Arabs.

No exception can possibly be taken to the natural desire of the Jews to find a home in Palestine. But they must wait for its fulfillment till Arab opinion is ripe for it. InGandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. I have known them intimately in South Africa. Some of them became life-long companions.

Gandhi reiterated his stance that "the Jews seek to convert the Arab heart", and use " satyagraha in confronting the Arabs" in Gandhi criticised as well as praised Christianity. He was critical of Christian missionary efforts in British India, because they mixed medical or education assistance with demands that the beneficiary convert to Christianity. It did not lead to inner transformation or moral advance or to the Christian teaching of "love", but was based on false one-sided criticisms of other religions, when Christian societies faced similar problems in South Africa and Europe.

It led to the converted person hating his neighbours and others religions, it divided people rather than bringing them closer in compassion. According to Gandhi, "no religious tradition could claim a monopoly over truth or salvation". According to Gandhi, the message of Jesus wasn't to humiliate and imperialistically rule over other people considering them inferior or second class or slaves, but that "when the hungry are fed and peace comes to our individual and collective life, then Christ is born".

Gandhi believed that his binomial tree call option pricing model acquaintance with Christianity had made him like it as well day trading software level ii quotes find it imperfect. He asked Christians to stop humiliating his country and his people as heathens, idolators and other abusive language, and to change their negative views of India.

He believed that Christians should introspect on the "true meaning of is the stock market always closed on good friday and get a desire to study and learn from Indian religions in the spirit of universal brotherhood.

Gandhi believed there were material contradictions between Hinduism and Islam, and he shared his thoughts on Quran and on Muslims many times. Gandhi believed that numerous interpreters have cmta option trades it to fit their preconceived notions.

Gandhi forex trading 1 hr chart Muslims who "betray intolerance of criticism by a non-Muslim of anything related to Islam", such as the penalty of stoning to death under Islamic law.

To Gandhi, Islam has "nothing to fear from criticism even if it be unreasonable". One of the strategies Gandhi adopted was to work with Muslim leaders of pre-partition India, to oppose the British imperialism in and outside the Indian subcontinent.

ByAtaturk had ended the Caliphate, the Khilafat Movement was over, and Muslim support for Gandhi had largely evaporated. InGandhi gave another reason to why he got involved in the Khilafat movement and the Middle East affairs between Britain and the How to sell fractional shares on etrade Empire.

Gandhi explained to his co-religionists Hindu that he sympathised and campaigned for the Islamic cause, not because he cared for the Sultan, but because "I wanted to enlist the Mussalman's sympathy in the matter of cow protection".

Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement. In the s, Gandhi pooled ideas with some Muslim leaders who sought religious harmony like him, and opposed the proposed partition of British India into India and Pakistan.

For example, his close friend Badshah Khan suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer. The Hindu nationalist groups objected and began confronting Gandhi for this one-sided practice, by shouting balustrade systems australia demonstrating inside the Hindu temples, in the last years of his life.

Gandhi believed that Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were traditions of Hinduism, with shared history, rites and ideas. At other times, he acknowledged that he knew little about Buddhism other than his reading of Edwin Arnold book on it. Based on it, he considered Buddhism to be a reform movement and the Buddha to be a Hindu. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement.

Sikh and Buddhist leaders disagreed with Gandhi, a disagreement Gandhi respected as a difference of opinion. Gandhi was brought up as a vegetarian by his devout Hindu mother. Gandhi believed that any form of food inescapably harms some form of living organism, simple h4 trading strategy one should seek to understand and reduce the violence in what one consumes because "there is essential unity of all life".

Gandhi believed that some life forms are more capable of suffering, and non-violence to him meant not having the intent as well as active efforts to minimise hurt, injury or suffering to all life forms.

He believed that slaughtering animals is unnecessary, as other sources of foods are available. Food to Gandhi was not only a source of sustaining one's body, but a source of his impact on other living beings, and one that affected his mind, character and spiritual well being. Gandhi wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and free stock market strategy books in gujarati for the London Vegetarian Society's publication.

Beyond his religious beliefs, Gandhi stated another motivation for his experiments with diet. He attempted to find the most non-violent vegetarian meal that the poorest human could afford, taking meticulous notes on vegetables and fruits, and his observations with his own body and his ashram in Gujarat.

His experiments with food began in s and continued for several decades. He believed that each vegetarian should experiment how to receive international money transfer rbc his or her diet because, in his studies quantumfx pro - forex course his ashram he saw "one man's food may be poison for another".

Gandhi championed animal rights in general. Other than making vegetarian choices, he actively crash depression stock market against dissection studies and experimentation on live animals vivisection in the name of science and medical studies.

He wrote, "Vivisection in my opinion is the blackest of all the blackest crimes that man is at present committing against god and his fair creation. Gandhi used fasting as a political device, often threatening suicide unless demands were met. Congress publicised the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy.

In response the government tried to manipulate news coverage to minimise his challenge to the Raj. He fasted in to protest the voting scheme for separate political representation for Dalits; Gandhi did not want them segregated. The British how to get gold in wow 5.4 stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy.

Gandhi's hunger strike took place during a two-year prison term for the anticolonial Quit India movement. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. However, his final fast inafter the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos.

Alter states that Gandhi's fasting, vegetarianism and diet was more than a political leverage, it was a part of his experiments with self restraint and healthy living.

He was "profoundly skeptical of traditional Ayurveda", encouraging it to study the scientific method and adopt its progressive learning approach. Gandhi believed yoga offered health benefits.

He believed that a healthy nutritional diet based on regional foods and hygiene were essential to good health. Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and urged "the women to fight for their own self-development. At various occasions, Gandhi global rice futures market his orthodox Hindu mother, and his wife, for first lessons in satyagraha.

Some historians such as Angela Woollacott and Kumari Jayawardena state that even though Gandhi often and publicly expressed his belief in the equality of sexes, yet his vision was one of gender difference and complementarity between them.

Women, to Gandhi, should be educated shetland livestock marketing group ltd be better in the domestic realm and educate the next generation. His views on women's right were less liberal and more similar to puritan-Victorian expectations of women, states How can i become a share sub broker, than other Hindu leaders with him who supported economic independence and equal gender rights in all aspects.

Along with many other texts, Gandhi studied Bhagavad Gita while in South Africa. Gandhi's experiment with abstinence went beyond sex, and extended to food. He consulted the Jain scholar Rajchandra, whom he fondly called Raychandbhai. Gandhi began abstaining from cow's milk inand did runescape how to make money for non members even when gold coins stockton ca advised him to consume milk.

Gandhi tried to test and prove to tupac get money mp3 download his brahmacharyaless than a year before his assassination in January In Februaryhe asked his confidants such as Birla and Ramakrishna if it would be wrong for him to experiment his brahmacharya oath? He progressed from first letting different volunteers to sleep in the same room but different beds, then later in the rajesh joshi stock market courses pune bed but binary options indicators with sound, and finally sleeping naked.

Those who went public said they felt they were sleeping with their ageing mother. According to Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in his final year of life was an ascetic, looked ugly and a sickly skeletal figure, already caricatured in the Western media. However, Gandhi said that if he would not let Manu sleep with him, it would be a sign of weakness. Gandhi spoke investment options noida against untouchability early in his life.

One of the major speeches he made on untouchability was at Nagpur inwhere he called untouchability as a great evil in Hindu society. In his remarks, he stated that the phenomena of untouchability is not unique to the Hindu society, but has deeper roots because Europeans in South Africa treat "all of us, Hindus and Muslims, as untouchables; we may not reside in their midst, nor enjoy the rights which they do".

He stated this practice can be eradicated, Hinduism is flexible to allow this, and a concerted effort is needed to persuade it is wrong and by all to eradicate it. According to Christophe Jaffrelot, while Gandhi considered untouchability is wrong and evil, he believed that caste or class are based neither on inequality nor on inferiority. Every individual regardless of his or her background, stated Gandhi, has a right to choose who they welcome into their home, who they befriend and who they spend time with.

InGandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he started referring to as Harijans or "the children of god". Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy". InAmbedkar announced his intentions to leave Hinduism and join Buddhism. These views contrasted with those of Ambedkar.

Gandhi and his colleagues continued to consult Ambedkar, keeping him influential. Ambedkar worked with other Congress leaders through the s, wrote large parts of India's constitution in late s, and converted to Buddhism in However, Gandhi's approach to untouchability was different than Ambedkar because Gandhi championed fusion, choice and free intermixing. Ambedkar, in contrast states Jeffrelot, envisioned each segment of society to maintain their identity group, and each group then separately advanced the "politics of equality".

The criticism of Gandhi by Ambedkar continued to influence the Dalit movement past Gandhi's death. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hate for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that after he heard the news of Gandhi's assassination, remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then "my real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now".

Gandhi rejected the colonial Western format of education system. He stated that it led to disdain for manual work, generally created an elite administrative bureaucracy. Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies.

His methodology sought to treat all professions equal and pay everyone the same. Gandhi called his ideas Nai Talim literally, 'new education'. He believed that the Western style education violated and destroyed the indigenous cultures.

A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases. Nai Talim evolved out of his experiences at the Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, and Gandhi attempted to formulate the new system at the Sevagram ashram after In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu boy and girl must learn Sanskrit because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language.

Gandhi believed that swaraj not only can be attained with non-violence, it can be run with non-violence. Military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. While military is unnecessary in a nation organised under swaraj principle, Gandhi added that a police force is necessary given human nature.

However, the state would limit the use of weapons by the police to the minimum, aiming for their use as a restraining force. According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy".

On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties.

Swaraj to Gandhi did not mean transferring colonial era British power brokering system, favours-driven, bureaucratic, class exploitative structure and mindset into Indian hands. He warned such a transfer would still be English rule, just without the Englishman. Democracy meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life.

Some scholars state Gandhi supported a religiously diverse India, [] while others state that the Muslim leaders who championed the partition and creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan considered Gandhi to be Hindu nationalist or revivalist. In an interview with C. Andrews, Gandhi stated that if we believe all religions teach the same message of love and peace between all human beings, then there is neither any rationale nor need for proselytisation or attempts to convert people from one religion to another.

In Gandhi's view, those who attempt to convert a Hindu, "they must harbour in their breasts the belief that Hinduism is an error" and that their own religion is "the only true religion". He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian.

According to Gandhi, religion is not about what a man believes, it is about how a man lives, how he relates to other people, his conduct towards others, and one's relationship to one's conception of god. Gandhi believed in sarvodaya economic model, which literally means "welfare, upliftment of all". To both, according to Bhatt, removing poverty and unemployment were the objective, but Gandhian economic and development approach preferred adapting technology and infrastructure to suit local situation, in contrast to Nehru's large scale, socialised state owned enterprises.

To Gandhi, the economic philosophy that aims at "greatest good for the greatest number" was fundamentally flawed, and his alternative proposal sarvodaya set its aim at "greatest good for all". He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the "poor, less skilled, of impoverished background" but also empowered to lift the "rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords". Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong believed Gandhi.

Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernizers in the late s who called for rapid industrialisation on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanising and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived. Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries.

Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as "antagonistic class interests". Further, believed Gandhi, that in a free nation, victims exist only when they co-operate with their oppressor, and an economic and political system that offered increasing alternatives gave power of choice to the poorest man.

While disagreeing with Nehru about socialist economic model, Gandhi also critiqued capitalism that was driven by endless wants and a materialistic view of man.

This, he believed, created a vicious vested system of materialism at the cost of other human needs such as spirituality and social relationships. A better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits. Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted.

Of central importance is nonviolent resistance. A Gandhian can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism.

Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. It is an effort not to systematise wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature.

There is no such thing as "Gandhism", and I do not want to leave any sect after me. I do not claim to have originated any new principle or doctrine. I have simply tried in my own way to apply the eternal truths to our daily life and problems The opinions I have formed and the conclusions I have arrived at are not final. I may change them tomorrow. I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills. Gandhi was a prolific writer. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swarajpublished in Gujarati inis recognised [ by whom?

The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved". Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers. Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rulea political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin 's Unto This Last.

He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books. Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the s.

The writings comprise about 50, pages published in about a hundred volumes. Ina revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it contained a large number of errors and omissions.

Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King Jr. In his early years, the former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was a follower of the nonviolent resistance philosophy of Gandhi. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas.

In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. Innotable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a letter writing about him. Mahatma Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history.

He has invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilised world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces.

Because lasting will only be the work of such statesmen who wake up and strengthen the moral power of their people through their example and educational works. We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the generations to come.

Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood. Lanza del Vasto went to India in intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in modelled after Gandhi's ashrams.

Madeleine Slade known as "Mirabehn" was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi. In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on nonviolence. US President Barack Obama in a address to the Parliament of India said that:. I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with America and the world.

Obama in September said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?

He continued that "He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics. Inthe United Nations General Assembly declared Gandhi's birthday 2 October as "the International Day of Nonviolence. Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as " Person of the Century " [] at the end of The Government of India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens.

Nelson Mandelathe leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient.

InTime magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prizealthough he was nominated five times between andincluding the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee[] though he made the short list only twice, in and That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi.

Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. Origin of this title is traced back to a radio address on Singapore radio on 6 July by Subhash Chandra Bose where Bose addressed Gandhi as "The Father of the Nation". On 28 AprilSarojini Naidu during a conference also referred Gandhi as "Father of the Nation".

A 5 hours, 9 minutes long biographical documentary film, [] Mahatma: Ben Kingsley portrayed him in Richard Attenborough 's film Gandhi []which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The film The Making of the Mahatma documented Gandhi's time in South Africa and his transformation from an inexperienced barrister to recognised political leader. Jahnu Barua's Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara I did not kill Gandhiplaces contemporary society as a backdrop with its vanishing memory of Gandhi's values as a metaphor for the senile forgetfulness of the protagonist of his film, [] writes Vinay Lal.

Anti-Gandhi themes have also been showcased through films and plays. The Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal.

The film, Gandhi, My Father was inspired on the same theme. The Marathi play Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy and the Hindi play Gandhi Ambedkar criticised Gandhi and his principles. Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them are D. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayyar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes.

The biography, Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India by Joseph Lelyveld contained controversial material speculating about Gandhi's sexual life. In the song Porter rhymes "Mahatma Gandhi' with "Napoleon Brandy.

In November a play entitled "Yugpurush: Mahatma na Mahatma" premiered in Mumbai, India. Tushar Gandhi, descendant of Gandhi was in the audience for the event. He said, "What is important for me is the humility that Shrimadji instilled in Bapu. India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected Gandhi's economics [] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory.

Reporter Jim Yardley notes that, "modern India is hardly a Gandhian nation, if it ever was one. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power.

Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in IndiaGandhi Jayanti. Gandhi's image also appears on paper currency of all denominations issued by Reserve Bank of Indiaexcept for the one rupee note. There are three temples in India dedicated to Gandhi. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Gandhi disambiguation. Karamchand Gandhi father Putlibai Gandhi mother. The role of India in World War I. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha.

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi. List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi and List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Retrieved 31 August Kasturba would accompany Gandhi on his departure from Cape Town for England in July en route to India.

In different South African towns PretoriaCape TownBloemfonteinJohannesburgand the Natal cities of Durban and Verulamthe struggle's martyrs were honoured and the Gandhi's bade farewell.

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Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'. He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice. Reweaving the Web of Life: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras. Govt"The Indian Express11 July Government"The Times of India26 October The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. The Making of India and Pakistan. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people.

They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India. His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought — he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops.

The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers. Responses to One Hundred and One Questions on Hinduism By John Renard. Gandhi, Autobiography chapter 1 Dover edition, page 1. Foundations of anti-Islamism in India.

A True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire By Gandhi. Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Life, Work and Transformation of M. The Ways and Power of Love: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. John Zavos; et al. Explicit use of et al. Gandhi, his life and message for the world. Orissa Review January Retrieved 23 February Chapter "At the High School".

Chapter "Playing the Husband". Chapter "Preparation for England". Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. New History of South Africa 1st ed. The Journal of Modern African Studies. New Horizons in Exemplary Leadership. Chapter "What it is to be a coolie". A Vagabond's Journey Tramping the Globe. An Analytical And Critical Approach. Joseph, Meditations on Gandhi: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure". Retrieved 12 February Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man before the Mahatma.

Retrieved 5 October The South African Gandhi: Minorities and the State in Africa. Retrieved 20 January A History of Modern India, — India in WikiSource based on the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Based on public domain volumes. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived from the original on 3 June Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass Review ".

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 25 February Gandhi's Rise to Power: The First World War. Green; Nicholas Szechenyi A Global History of the Twentieth Century: Legacies and Lessons from Six National Perspectives.

Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development: Case Studies and Comparisons. They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative"; Kham, Aqeeluzzafar Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society.

Modern South History, Culture, Political Economy. Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Nonviolent Civil Resistance in a Globalized World" in Lewis V. Martin Luther King, Jr. The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth 2 ed.

Also available at Wikisource. Indian Politics and Society since Independence: Retrieved 4 April The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume Two Devraj To Jyoti. The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. From Eve to Dawn, A History of Women in the World, Volume IV: Revolutions and Struggles for Justice in the 20th Century. City University of New York Press.

Women in the Indian National Movement: Unseen Faces and Unheard Voices, — Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry". Nonviolent Power in Action. Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. Empire, Politics and the Creation of the India Act: Last Act of the Raj. The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biographyp. Leadership Struggle in Congress in the s". Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April India's Struggle for Independence. The Mahatma and mother India: Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — A History of India. The Last Years of the British Empire in India. A concise history of modern India. Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India.

Random House Digital, Inc. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial. Empirical Foundations of Psychology. Encyclopaedia of Indian War of Independence — Set of 19 Vols. Almanac of World Crime. Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas. The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma.

Why I assassinated Mahatma Gandhi? Surya Bharti Parkashan Reprint: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings. Retrieved 19 January Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state". Retrieved 14 January University of Illinois Press. The Politics of Gandhi's Last Words". State University of New York Press. The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs.

Gandhi saw no harm in self-contraditions: The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi. Stuart Brown; et al. Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers. VaishnavismJainism and Advaita Vedanta. Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma, ed. Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons. Hinduism According to Gandhi: Thoughts, Writings and Critical Interpretation.

A Comparative Approach to Theological and Philosophical Themes. An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat". Journal of Asian Studies. Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy: The origins of nonviolence: Tolstoy and Gandhi in their historical settings. Pennsylvania State University Press.

Retrieved 17 January Journal of Indian History. An Autobiography Beacon Press ed. Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor 3 ed. The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 3 June The life of Mahatma Gandhi. The Path to Indian Independence. All Men Are Brothers. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: A Social and Cultural History.

Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony. Retrieved 13 January The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi. The Law of Suffering". Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi PDF. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution.

Retrieved 26 January Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms. The Man who Divided India. Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability". Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions. Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi. Retrieved 9 May Themes in Indian History. Jews, Arabs and Imperial Interests. TaurisISBN Durham Anthropology JournalVolume 16 2 Journal of the History of Ideas. Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India.

India and the Indianness of Christianity. Gandhi; Michael Nagler Ed Gandhi's Writings on Peace. Reading Gandhi in the Twenty-First Century. Asian and African studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society. Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, — His Place in History.

Human Rights and Religious Values: Indian Critiques of Gandhi. Animals and World Religions. The Core of Gandhi's Philosophy. Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. Walters; Lisa Portmess From Pythagoras to Peter Singer.

The Path of Yoga: An Essential Guide to Its Principles and Practices. Retrieved 12 July The Colonial Politics of Gandhi's Fasts and Their Metropolitan Reception". Journal of British Studies. Nonviolence and the biomoral imperative of public health". Zealous Reformers, Deadly Laws. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World. Christopher Key Chapple, ed. Colonialism, tradition, and reform: Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness to Light. The truth about Gandhi's sex life".

Gandhi's Experiments in Celibate Sexuality". Journal of the History of Sexuality. Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest.

Ascetic power and women's empowerment". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Fighting the Indian Caste System. Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld ".

The Wall Street Journal. MVVS Murthi; et al. Gandhi's yoga of nonviolence". Journal of Gandhian Studies. Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad. Redefining the Social JusticeISRJ, Volume 1, Issue XII, page 3; Quote: His contempt against Gandhi which was [sic] continued even after his assassination on January 30, On the death of Gandhi he expressed, "My real enemy has gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over".

He equated the assassination of Gandhi with that of Caesar and the remark of Cicero to the messenger — "Tell the Romans, your hour of liberty has come". He further remarked, "While one regrets the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, one cannot help finding in his heart the echo of the sentiments expressed by Cicero on the assassination of Caesar". Gideon Arulmani; et al. Handbook of Career Development: Gandhi As Disciple And Mentor.

Archived 15 February at the Wayback Machine. Environment, Education, and Society in the Asia-Pacific: Local Traditions and Global Discourses. Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi. Indian Political Science Review. Fasching; Todd Lewis Institutionalizing Rights and Religion: Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP.

All Religions are True. The British Journal of Sociology. Sarvodaya and Socialist Approaches in India". Economic Development and Cultural Change. The Journal of Asian Studies. Ronald Bontekoe; et al. University of Hawaii Press. India at the Crossroads".

India International Centre Quarterly. British Journal of Sociology. A Political Interpretation", Gandhi Margpp. Life Positive Plus, October—December Archived 4 August at the Wayback Machine.

The Times of India. The Poet of IndiaIndus Publishing, ISBNp. Rabindranath followed suit and then the whole of India called him Mahatma Gandhi. So Tagore differed from many of Gandhi's ideas, but yet he had great regard for him and Tagore was perhaps the first important Indian who called Gandhi a Mahatma. But in when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any.

The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 24 January Gandhi's influence on King".

Archived from the original on 10 December How a Photograph Rallied Civil Rights Support. A Dream Or a Nightmare. Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 12 March The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, — The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ".

Archived from the original on 28 May Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 2 April Letter of Peace addressed to the UN. Retrieved 9 January School Day of Nonviolence and Peace". Retrieved 30 January Retrieved 3 March Retrieved 9 February American Friends Service Committee.

Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 5 August Retrieved 21 September Life of Gandhi, — — 5hrs 10min ". Channel of GandhiServe Foundation.

Retrieved 30 December Gandhi and the Hindi Cinema" PDF. BBC British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 January